Natural zeolite is an emerging material that is widely used in industry, agriculture, defense and other sectors, and its use is constantly expanding. Zeolite is used as an ion exchanger, adsorption separating agent, desiccant, catalyst, cement mixture.

Quartz sand is quartz particles formed by crushing and processing quartz stone. Quartz stone is a non-metallic mineral, which is a hard, wear-resistant and chemically stable silicate mineral. The color of quartz sand is milky white, or colorless translucent, Mohs hardness 7.Common specifications are: 0.5-1mm, 1-2mm, 2-4mm, 4-8mm, 8-16mm, 16-32mm, 10-20 mesh, 20-40 mesh, 40-80 mesh, 100-120 mesh.

Vermiculite is a natural, inorganic, non-toxic mineral that expands under high temperature. It is a relatively rare mineral, belonging to the silicate group. Its crystal structure is monoclinic crystal system, and its appearance is similar to mica.

Kaolin is a kind of non-metallic mineral. It is a kind of clay and clay rock dominated by kaolinite group clay minerals. Because of its white and delicate, also known as dolomite. It is named after Gaoling Village, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province.

Non-toxic. Medical stone is a compound mineral or medicinal rock that is non-toxic and harmless to organisms and has certain biological activity. The main chemical composition of medical stone is inorganic silicaluminate. Including SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2, P2O5, MnO, etc., also contains some of the major elements required by animals, such as: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mo and other trace elements and rare earth elements, about 58 kinds of.

Mica is a kind of rock forming mineral with hexagonal lamellar crystal shape and is one of the main rock forming minerals. Mica crystal has a layered structure inside, so it is lamellar crystal, mainly hexagonal lamellar crystal. Characteristics are insulation, high temperature resistance, the most used in industry is sericite, widely used in paint, paint, electrical insulation and other industries.

In addition to having all the advantages of ordinary coverings, polished coverings have high ornamental value like handicrafts, and the material is thick and the use year is longer, which is a high-grade covering product with practical value and appreciation value.

Zeolite is mainly volcanic sedimentary rock, because the organic matter in the sedimentary rock is liquefied or vaporized, and the formation of fine holes, and these holes are just the living places of nitrifying bacteria. Zeolite is composed of aluminosilicate and other minerals, and has cation adsorbability.

Dolomite powder is an anhydrous carbonate mineral powder, mainly composed of calcium and magnesium carbonate. It can be used as raw materials for the production of high-grade glassware, medical bottles, and optical glass.

Sepiolite fiber is a natural mineral fiber, is a fibrous variant of sepiolite minerals, called α-sepiolite.Sepiolite has good heat resistance, sepiolite also has good ion exchange and catalytic properties, and excellent properties such as corrosion resistance, radiation resistance, insulation, heat insulation, especially the SiOH in its structure can directly react with organic matter to produce organic mineral derivatives.

The structure of montmorillonite is a 2:1 crystal structure composed of two silica tetrahedrons sandwiched with a layer of aluminum oxide octahedrons. The layered structure formed by montmorillonite cells contains some cations, such as Cu, Mg, Na, K, etc., and the interaction between these cations and montmorillonite cells is very unstable and easy to be exchanged by other cations, so it has good ion exchange property.

Glass marbles are a small and beautiful toy, which can not only bring people fun, but also have many practical uses.

Barite is a non-metallic mineral product with barium sulfate (BaS04) as the main component (chemical composition: Ba0:65.7%, SO3:34.3%). The composition has Sr, Pb and Ca homomorphic substitution), pure barite is white and glossy, due to the influence of impurities and mixtures, it is often gray, light red, light yellow, etc., and the crystallization of barite can also be transparent crystals. Barite is a sulfate mineral. The composition is BaSO4. The most widely distributed barium-containing mineral in nature.

Fluorite (Fluorite) is also called fluorite. A mineral commonly found in nature that is symbiotic with many other minerals and occurs in many parts of the world, [1] with five effective varieties. The main component is calcium fluoride (CaFz). Crystallized into octahedrons and cubes. The crystal is glassy, bright and changeable color, brittle quality, Mohs hardness of 4, melting point of 1360℃, with complete cleavage properties. Some samples can emit light when subjected to friction, heating, ultraviolet irradiation, etc.

mineral powder is a general term for stone powder and its substitutes that meet engineering requirements. It is the product of grinding ore processing, is the first step of ore processing and smelting, and is one of the most important steps. The hydrophilic coefficient of mineral powder is the ratio of the volume of expansion per unit of mineral powder in the same water (polar molecules) and the same volume of kerosene (non-polar molecules). Hydrophilic coefficient of mineral Powder in Highway engineering < The mineral powder of 1 is called alkaline mineral powder.

Features: 1, uniform particles. 2. Gorgeous color. 3, acid and alkali resistance. 4. High temperature and water resistance. 5. Wear-resistant altar corrosion-resistant

Quartz stone is a non-metallic mineral, which is a hard, wear-resistant and chemically stable silicate mineral. The color of quartz sand is milky white, or colorless translucent, Mohs hardness 7.Quartz sand is an important industrial mineral raw material, non-chemical dangerous goods, widely used in glass, casting, ceramics and fireproof materials, smelting ferrosilicon, metallurgical flux, metallurgy, construction, chemical industry, plastics, rubber, abrasives, filter media and other industries.

A geological, mineralogical, and geochemical characterization of the Tamame de Sayago (Zamora, Spain) deposit was carried out with the aim of knowing the conditions that facilitated the genesis in the same deposit of kaolinite and smectites. The alteration processes affecting a Variscan granite were deduced throughout the study of a very wide group of representative samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements, as well as δ18O, δ34S stable isotope and K/Ar dating analyses. In addition, 2D and 2.5D graphs of the kaolinite and smectite isoconcentrations were obtained from core data. According to the color and texture, two different clayey rock types were identified and named as homogeneous alteration zones (ZAHO) and heterogeneous alteration zones (ZAHE). The ZAHO are regoliths in which the granite texture is preserved, and the feldspars are almost completely kaolinized. In the ZAHE, the original texture of the granitic rock is lost, and the main clay mineral is smectite. The mineralogical composition is similar, with kaolinite, smectite, mica, quartz, scarce feldspar, and occasionally natroalunite and APS (aluminum-phosphate-sulphate); however, the mineral concentration varies considerably because ZAHO are rich in kaolin areas whereas ZAHE are bentonitic areas. Both rock types contain numerous veins and nodules. The weathering of the Paleozoic granite alongside the absence of sedimentation during the Mesozoic led to the formation of kaolinite that is preserved in ZAHO materials. Nonetheless, during the Cretaceous–Tertiary transit, the conditions of tectonic stability varied. Late Variscan faults reactivated which allowed the percolation of Mg- and Ca-rich hydrothermal fluids through the already kaolinized granite, increasing the alteration of the primary silicates and leading to the formation of smectites in ZAHE materials. The amount of smectites is greater closer to the faults. The stable isotopes indicate the meteoric nature of the low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The K/Ar data obtained from the natroalunite of veins indicate that those hydrothermal fluids circulated in different pulses from 66.4 ± 1.7 to 58.8 ± 1.5 Ma, as a minimum. Those ages are coincident with the first formation stages of the Duero Basin.

Kaolin and bentonite (nanoclay NM-600) are nanostructured aluminosilicates that share a similar chemical composition, platelet-like morphology, and high binding capacity for biomolecules. To investigate if these material-based criteria allow for a common grouping, we prepared particle suspensions of kaolin and bentonite with a similar hydrodynamic diameter and administered them to NR8383 alveolar macrophages in vitro and also to a rat lung using quartz DQ12 as a reference material. Bentonite was far more bioactive in vitro, indicated by a lower threshold for the release of enzymes, tumor necrosis factor α, and H2O2. In addition, in the lung, the early effects of bentonite exceeded those of kaolin and even those of quartz, due to strongly increased numbers of inflammatory cells, and elevated concentrations of total protein and fibronectin within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The pro-inflammatory effects of bentonite decreased over time, although assemblies of particle-laden alveolar macrophages (CD68 positive), numerous type-2 epithelial cells (immunopositive for pro-surfactant protein C), and hypertrophic lung epithelia persisted until day 21. At this point in time, kaolin-treated lungs were completely recovered, whereas quartz DQ12 had induced a progressive inflammation. We conclude that bentonite is far more bioactive than equally sized kaolin. This argues against a common grouping of aluminosilicates, previously suggested for different kaolin qualities.Keywords: nanotoxicology, aluminosilicate, alveolar macrophage, intratracheal instillation

Some mica mines provide no protection, support, or any kind of safety measures for the children – some as young as 5 years old – or the adults who work in the mines. Brutally harsh conditions and extremely long days in the hot sun are some of the things that wait for the people that work there.  Small children are forced to go down the narrow shafts, some as much as 15-30 metres deep to get to the mica that the adults can’t reach. Cuts, broken bones, serious injury, and at times death are all part of the everyday risks they are forced to take due to unstable mineshafts and injuries from the tools used. Many children have died and seen their family members die on the mines. All for just a wage of between 25-50c (USD) per day, depending on how much they can dig up. 1kg of mined mica will get the miners 8c (USD) but will get $1000 (USD) on the international market. As consumers, you all have the power to demand ethical transparency from the brands you use and support. Raising awareness and asking questions about sourcing and ingredients will start important conversations and force brands to raise their awareness and their ethical game.